Fat intake and adiposity in children of lean and obese parents

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Abstract
We examined the relations between obesity in parents and fat intake in their children, and the effect of fat intake on fat mass in these children. Our heterogenous sample (-x+/-SD: 20.2+/-3.4 kg; 3.2+/-1.3kg fat mass) consisted of 56 white and 15 Mohawk children 4–7 y of age (35 girls and 36 boys). Dietary intake was assessed with the Willett food-frequency questionnaire revised for children. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical resistance and subscapular and triceps skinfold thicknesses. Physical-activity energy expenditure was estimated by the difference between total energy expenditure (measured over 14 d by the doubly labeled water method) and postprandial resting energy expenditure (measured by indirect calorimetry). Before statistical analysis, fat mass was adjusted for fat-free mass, and fat intake was adjusted for nonfat intake. There was no effect of sex or ethnicity on fat intake and no effect of ethnicity on the relation between fat intake and fat mass. Adjusted mean (+/-SE) fat intakes for the groups of children, based on parental obesity status, were as follows: 1.65+/-0.09 MJ/d (nonobese mother and father), 2.58+/-0.10 MJ/d (obese father, nonobese mother), and 2.79+/-0.10 MJ/d (obese mother and father). We found an influence of maternal obesity on dietary fat intake in children (P=0.052) and a significant correlation between fat mass and fat intake in boys (r=0.48, P<0.01) but not in girls after adjustment for physical-activity energy expenditure. Our data suggest that 1)mothers may contribute to the development of obesity in children by influencing their dietary fat intake, and 2) dietary fat intake contributes to obesity in boys, independent of physical-activity energy expenditure.