Human Cytomegalovirus-Encoded G Protein-Coupled Receptor US28 Mediates Smooth Muscle Cell Migration through Gα12

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Abstract
Coupling of G proteins to ligand-engaged chemokine receptors is the paramount event in G-protein-coupled receptor signal transduction. Previously, we have demonstrated that the human cytomegalovirus-encoded chemokine receptor US28 mediates human vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration in response to either RANTES or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. In this report, we identify the G proteins that couple with US28 to promote vascular SMC migration and identify other signaling molecules that play critical roles in this process. US28-mediated cellular migration was enhanced with the expression of the G-protein subunits Gα12 and Gα13, suggesting that US28 may functionally couple to these G proteins. In correlation with this observation, US28 was able to activate RhoA, a downstream effector of Gα12 and Gα13 in cell types with these G proteins but not in those without them and activation of RhoA was dependent on US28 stimulation with RANTES. In addition, inactivation of RhoA or the RhoA-associated kinase p160ROCK with a dominant-negative mutant of RhoA or the small molecule inhibitor Y27632, respectively, abrogated US28-induced SMC migration. The data presented here suggest that US28 functionally signals through Gα12 family G proteins and RhoA in a ligand-dependent manner and these signaling molecules are important for the ability of US28 to induce cellular migration.