Momentum-dependent excitations in β-carotene, a finite-size system between molecules and polymers

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Abstract
Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy has been used to study momentum-dependent excitations of π electrons in β-carotene. These investigations illustrate that the orbital levels of π electrons in finite polyenes and other conjugated oligomers can be mapped out. It turns out that the electronic structure of the π electrons can be described in terms of a quasi band structure with a finite number of momentum values. The results are compared with theoretical calculations based on an effective Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian.

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