Distribution of Canada Geese in Winter as Related to Heat Loss at Varying Environmental Temperatures

Abstract
By means of thermal modeling, the heat loss of an organism under varying conditions can be calculated. This paper utilizes this technique and discusses the heat balance for 2 different sized races of Canada geese (Branta eanadensis maxima and B. c. parvipes). We conclude that the northernmost limits of distribution for these subspecies can be predicted from the calculated heat losses and the extended main-tenance level of energy intake attained under natural environmental conditions. The relationship between body surface heat-generating potential helps explain the role of temperature as a factor limiting animal distribution, as illustrated by Bergmann''s rule. Some management implications are discussed with regard to the factors limiting northern wintering distributions in the Canada goose.

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