Lysosomal neutral red retention time as a biomarker of organophosphate exposure in the earthwormAporrectodea caliginosa: laboratory and semi-field experiments

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Abstract
Aporrectodea caliginosa is the most common endogeic (topsoil) earthworm in New Zealand and, because of its habitat, is potentially vulnerable to surface-applied pesticides. Lysosomal damage to earthworms, which can be visualized by the use of the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) has been evaluated in this species as a biomarker of organophosphate exposure. Earthworms were exposed in the laboratory to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos and diazinon. In a semi-field experiment, earthworms were placed in mesocosms in a field sprayed with these pesticides at the rate recommended for a vegetable crop. In the laboratory, the neutral red retention time (NRRT) was significantly reduced following exposure to both pesticides compared with controls. In the semi-field experiment, earthworm NRRT was significantly reduced by both pesticides. These experiments have shown that the NRRA is very sensitive to exposure to chlorpyrifos and diazinon even at field rates. It therefore shows promise as a potential biomarker of contamination of soil by organophosphates.