Synthesis, Structure, Biological Activity, and DNA Binding of Platinum(II) Complexes of the Typetrans-[PtCl2(NH3)L] (L = Planar Nitrogen Base). Effect of L and Cis/Trans Isomerism on Sequence Specificity and Unwinding Properties Observed in Globally Platinated DNA

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Abstract
In order to establish fundamental structural requirements for the antitumor activation of the trans-platinum geometry, complexes of the general formulas [PtCl2(NH3)L] (L = planar N donor) have been synthesized. The trans isomers, trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(quinoline)] (3), trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(thiazole)] (5), trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(benzothiazole)] (7), and trans-[PtCl2(NH3)(isoquinoline)] (8) and the cis isomers cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(quinoline)] (4) and cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(thiazole)] (6) were characterized by 1H NMR and analytical data. In addition, the crystal structures of 3, 5, 7, and 8 were determined: 3, monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 8.414(1) Å, b = 12.373(3) Å, c = 21.266(3) Å, β = 96.78(1)°, V = 2198.3(6) Å3, and Z = 8; 5, monoclinic, P21/n, with a = 8.815(4) Å, b = 19.917(8) Å, c = 14.498(5) Å, β = 103.30(3)°, V = 2477(2) Å3, and Z = 12; 7, monoclinic, P21/c, with a = 8.150(4) Å, b = 23.196(9) Å, c = 11.297(7) Å, β = 90.94(4)°, V = 2135.3(2) Å3, and Z = 8; 8, monoclinic, C2/c, with a = 19.043(4) Å, b = 8.570(2) Å, c = 29.127(6) Å, β_ = 111.59(2)°, V = 4420(2) Å3, and Z = 16. In all cases, the Pt coordination plane and L are mutually twisted with angles between planes of 50−68°. Bulky quinoline in 3 produces intramolecular steric strain as evidenced by a short, nonbonding Pt···H8quin contact of 2.77 Å and concomitantly distorted Pt−Nquin−C bond angles. The trans complexes 3, 5, 7, and 8 showed a significantly higher cytotoxicity in cisplatin-sensitive L1210 leukemia than trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2] (2), with 3 and 5 being as potent as the corresponding cis isomers 4 and 6. In addition, the presence of the planar ligand greatly enhanced the activity of all of the compounds in cells resistant to cisplatin, cis-[PtCl2(NH3)2] (1). Complex geometry and L play an important role in the binding of 1−7 to DNA. For synthetic poly(dG)·poly(dC) and poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC) the order of binding affinities (rb, drug-to-nucleotide ratio) was 2 > 1 > 6 > 5 > 4 > 7 > 3 and 5 > 6 > 7 > 3 > 2 > 1 > 4, respectively. Furthermore, 3 and 7, carrying large planar ligands, were remarkably effective at unwinding negatively supercoiled, closed circular pUC19 DNA (φ = 15° and 17°, respectively). The consequences of structural effects caused by L on target DNA with respect to possible biological consequences are discussed.

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