Two-dimensional high-latitude thermospheric modeling: A comparison between moderate and extremely disturbed conditions

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Abstract
A set of two-dimensional nonlinear calculations has been done to simulate the auroral region electrojet and to examine the effect of the electric field on the dynamics and thermodynamics of the thermosphere. A large number of physical and dynamical processes in the ionosphere have been considered, including the ion-drag force, the Coriolis force, gravitation, Joule heating, viscous heating and viscous work, solar extreme ultraviolet heating, thermal conduction, and cooling to space owing to infrared radiation of different species. Navier–Stokes equations for a compressible, viscous and thermal conducting fluid flow with source terms have been solved by a MacCormack explicit, alternative forward-backward finite differencing scheme in spherical coordinates. Results have been recorded at various time intervals for three hours simulation time, for altitudes between 80 and 450 km, and from the north pole to the equator. In addition to a strong zonal drift motion and to the basic upward and meridional motion away from the heated region, we obtain a complex structure of waves involving meridional and vertical winds, as well as the density and temperature fields. This computation suggests that waves play a much more important role than ordinary diffusion of energy and momentum is spreading the effects of the disturbances away from the electrojet region. The net result is that there is, strictly speaking, no steady state reached by the neutrals except for the bulk of the zonal flow. A second major feature that we obtain is that nonlinear terms can often dominate the momentum equation, which can reduce the magnitude of the zonal flow by a considerable amount, and can displace the region of maximum neutral flow away from where the electrojet is. The nonlinear terms are also responsible for the formation of a neutral density 'hole' at nonelectrojet latitudes. This hole is found below the region where Joule heating reaches its peak value and is used to enhance the neutral densities at high altitudes on a global scale.

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