Virus Aggregation as the Cause of the Non-neutralizable Persistent Fraction

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Abstract
The non-neutralizable or persistent fraction of virus populations has been found to be caused by aggregated virus. Detailed investigation was performed with the prototype strain of echovirus type 4 (Pesascek), as this virus is notorious for its large non-neutralizable fraction. When Pesascek virus was clarified by low-speed centrifugation, homologous antiserum hardly neutralized the virus. However, when the virus was filtered through membranes having a porosity only twice the diameter of the virus, monodispersed virus was obtained which was efficiently neutralized. Serum titers were up to 1,000 times higher if the neutralization test was carried out with monodispersed virus. Virus in non-neutralizable aggregates was found to constitute 30% of the infective units of unfiltered Pesascek virus but only 0.1% of the antigenically related DuToit strain. This explains why DuToit strain has been a more satisfactory indicator strain for detecting type 4 antibodies, regardless of the echo 4 strain used for inducing the antibodies. Clarified suspensions and ultrafiltrates of viruses belonging to the picorna-, reo-, myxo-, adeno-, herpes-, and poxvirus groups were studied. Clarified suspensions yielded persistent fractions of 0.005% for poliovirus, of 0.1% for reovirus, of 0.6% for influenza virus, of <0.001% for adenovirus, of 0.06% for herpesvirus, and of 10 to 30% for vaccinia virus. In all cases the persistent fractions were removed by membrane filters which had a pore diameter no larger than twice that of the virus under test, and the high concentration of virus in each ultrafiltrate was completely neutralized by antiserum.