Bootstrap bounds for “safe” doses in the multistage cancer dose-response model

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Abstract
High-to-low-dose extrapolation is a very important part of the quantitative cancer risk assessments involved in the regulation of chemical exposures. Currently, these extrapolations usually involve the multistage model and a likelihood-ratio-based confidence limit procedure; however, both have some critical practical weaknesses. Four alternative confidence limit procedures based on recent bootstrapping research are investigated. Three procedures provide good coverage and lessen the tendency for the confidence limits to be several orders of magnitude from the quantity being bounded. In addition, these procedures can be readily applied to the emerging successors to the multistage model.

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