Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and primary liver cancer: A case‐control study in the USA

Abstract
Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were examined as potential risk factors in a case‐control study of primary liver cancer (PLC). A total of 165 PLC cases and 465 matched controls from several US hospitals were studied. A weak but statistically significant (p 3 drinks per day, respectively) and a similar trend was evident in elderly males. The risk for PLC was also elevated in elderly females who were current cigarette smokers (adjusted OR = 3.30). Our results suggest that alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking may have minor age‐ and sex‐specific effects on the development of PLC, and underscore the need for further investigations to elucidate major PLC risk factors in US populations.