An Outbreak ofPichia anomalaFungemia in a Brazilian Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

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Abstract
Objective: To report an outbreak ofPichia anomalafungemia that occurred in a Brazilian pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) from October 2002 to January 2004.Design: Unmatched case-control study.Methods: We randomly selected four control-patients for each case-patient from a list of all patients admitted to the ICU for at least 48 hours during the outbreak. A second control group was composed of all consecutive patients with nosocomial candidemia in the ICU during the outbreak. An environmental study was performed, and genetic relatedness among the clinical isolates was characterized by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA assay.Results: During the study period, 1,046 children were admitted to the pediatric ICU, 17 of whom developedP. anomalafungemia (attack rate, 1.6%). The median age was 1.1 years, and the main underlying conditions were congenital malformations (35.3%) and neoplastic diseases (11.8%). The overall mortality rate was 41.2%. Two patients received no antifungal treatment; all of the others were treated with amphotericin B. On multivariate analysis, only the presence of a central venous catheter was significantly associated withP. anomalafungemia. The yeast was not found on healthcare workers' hands or in the environment. Molecular studies showed that the outbreak was caused by a single strain. The distribution of risk factors was similar between patients withP. anomalafungemia and control-patients with candidemia.Conclusions: This study highlights the importance ofP. anomalaas an emerging nosocomial fungal pathogen. Patients withP. anomalafungemia seem to have risk factors in common with those who have candidemia.