Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Induced Granuloma Formation Depends on Gamma Interferon and CD40 Ligand but Does Not Require CD28

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Abstract
Progressive granuloma formation is a hallmark of chronic mycobacterial infection. Granulomas are localized, protective inflammatory reactions initiated by CD4+T cells, which contribute to control of bacterial growth and blockade of bacterial dissemination. In order to understand the costimulatory requirements that allow CD4+T cells to directly or indirectly induce granulomas, we studied granuloma formation after 6 weeks inMycobacterium bovisBCG-infected CD28- and CD40 ligand (CD40L)-deficient mice and compared it to granuloma formation in infected wild-type inbred mice and infected cytokine-deficient mice. We characterized granulomas morphologically in liver sections, analyzed granuloma infiltrating cells by flow cytometry, and measured cytokine production by cultured granuloma cells. CD28-deficient mice have no defect at the local inflammatory site, inasmuch as they form protective granulomas and control bacterial growth. However, there are fewer activated T cells in the spleen compared to infected wild-type animals, and quantitative differences in the cellular composition of the granuloma are observed by flow cytometry. In CD40L-deficient mice, the granuloma phenotype is very similar to the phenotype in gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-deficient mice. Both IFN-γ-deficient and CD40L-deficient mice form granulomas which prevent bacterial dissemination, but control of bacterial growth is significantly impaired. The relative proportion of CD4+T cells in granulomas from both CD28−/−and CD40L−/−mice is significantly decreased compared with wild-type animals. Both models demonstrate that the phenotype and activation stage of systemic T cells do not always correlate with the phenotype and activation stage of the localized granulomatous response.