Assessing the Consequences of Nonnative Trout in Headwater Ecosystems in Western North America

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Abstract
Intentional introductions of nonnative trout into headwater lakes and streams can have numerous effects on the receiving ecosystems, potentially threatening native species and disrupting key ecological processes. In this perspective, we focus on seven key issues for assessing the biological and economic consequences of nonnative trout in headwater ecosystems: (1) effects of nonnative trout can span multiple biological domains, (2) effects of nonnative trout can extend beyond waters where they are introduced, (3) nonnative trout do not travel alone, (4) not all habitats are equal, (5) ecosystems vary in their resistance and resilience to nonnative trout, (6) prioritization can improve management of nonnative trout, and (7) economic costs of recreational fisheries in headwater ecosystems can be substantial. Assessments that address these issues could provide more effective guidance for determining where recreational fisheries for nonnative trout are justified in headwater ecosystems and where they ...

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