Effect of Parathion on Parasites of Coccus hesperidum1

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Abstract
Serious increases in populations of the soft (brown) scale have been associated with the application of parathion to citrus trees. Parathion-treated groves are lethal to adults of Metaphycus luteolus for periods ranging from 6-12 weeks or more, the duration depending on the dosages used. Re-establishment of M. luteolus in groves after parathion residues are dissipated results in rapid biological control. The combination of parasite suppression and low host toxicity by parathion causes increased abundance of soft scale. Prolonged retention of parathion in the soil after spray treatment was demonstrated. The importance of retaining parasite reservoirs for parasite re-establishment is discussed. Artificial colonization of M. luteolus in greenhouses after parathion treatment has prevented serious increases in soft scale infestations.

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