Transmission ofSpiroplasma citribyCirculifer tenellus

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Abstract
The beet leafhopper, C. tenellus, can transmit S. citri isolate MV101 acquired either by injection, membrane feeding, or feeding directly on host plants [Citrus] infected with S. citri; however, minimum length of the latent period varied with the 3 methods. Minimum latent periods were 10, 16, and 24 days for injection, feeding on plants infected with S. citri, and membrane feeding, respectively. The minimum acquisition access period for transmission was 6 h; one of 16 test plants became infected. During a 48-h period, the transmission rate did not increase with longer acquisition access periods. The minimum transmission time was 2 h, when one of 16 test plants had become infected. Transmission increased with increased transmission periods to a maximum after 48 h when 12 of 16 test plants had become infected. Number of leafhoppers also affected the transmission of S. citri. When a single insect was used, 2-4% of the test plants became infected. For groups of 2, 5, 10, and 20 leafhoppers, the percentage of infected plants was 14-18%, 20-25%, 66-75% and 70-80%, respectively. Transmission data showed that after the 4th transfer in a culture medium, S. citri isolate MV101 lost pathogenicity and/or transmissibility. No transovarial transmission of S. citri by C. tenellus could be demonstrated.

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