The development of a population of spinal cord neurons and their axonal projections revealed by GABA immunocytochemistry in frog embryos

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Abstract
The development of a population of cerebrospinal-fluid-contacting neurons in the spinal cord of the Xenopus embryo (`Kolmer--Agduhr' cells) has been followed by using an immunocytochemical procedure that identifies GABA in fixed nervous tissue. Stained Kolmer--Agduhr cells containing GABA first appeared at stage 25 and their numbers increased steadily with the developmental age of the embryo. The Kolmer--Agduhr neurons had ascending ipsilateral axons that often terminated in growth cones. These axons and growth cones could be stained by the GABA antiserum from the earliest stages of outgrowth from the Kolmer--Agduhr cell body. We measured the angle of the earliest axons' outgrowth relative to the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. The initial outgrowth of axons was always rostral over a narrow range of angles. This observation is inconsistent with the hypothesis of random initial outgrowth followed by later selection of the correct orientation, which would predict that axons would initially grow out over a wide range of angles. Instead, it suggests that, even from the earliest moments, axon outgrowth from the Kolmer--Agduhr cells is directed rostrally in a specific stereotyped manner.