Attachment of Streptococcus faecium to the Duodenal Epithelium of the Chicken and Its Importance in Colonization of the Small Intestine

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Abstract
The counts of S. faecium SY1 in the duodena of gnotobiotic chicks exceeded the counts in their crops, indicating that multiplication occurred in the anterior small intestine. This growth was related to adhesion to the gut wall which could be demonstrated by viable counts of macerated washed duodenal tissue. Scanning EM demonstrated that adhesion occurred in restricted areas on the surface of the villus and transmission studies showed the presence of a thick extracellular layer on the bacterium. Attachment of S. faecium SY1 was confirmed in vitro by using chicken duodenal brush borders. The washings, produced during the preparation of the brush borders, increased the number of S. faecium adhering to the brush borders. This enhancing effect was due to the presence of trypsin in the duodenal washings. The effect was not dependent on the enzymatic activity of the trypsin molecule. The initial adhesion was not prevented by pretreatment of the brush borders with soybean trypsin inhibitor. There were, thus, 2 adhesion systems operating, only 1 of which was dependent on trypsin. Pretreatment of brush borders with trypsin digested them but they remained intact in the presence of S. faecium SY1, indicating that the enzymatic activity was inhibited. This effect was specific for the adhering strain of S. faecium SY1; the nonadhering S. faecium strain CRS23 and an adhering strain of Lactobacillus sp. were inactive, as was strain SY1 when adhesion was prevented by including sodium periodate in the test system. The colonizations of the gut by strains of S. faecium of differing adhesive abilities were compared. The nonadhering strain CRS23 showed reduced ability to colonize the duodenum but the penicillin-resistant mutant of S. faecium SY1, which had reduced adhesive ability but could still attach to a lesser degree, was able to colonize the duodenum as efficiently as the parent strain.