Abstract
An amplifier with noise densities iamp2 and uamp2 has a pulse-energy sensitivity ≈ iampuamp. This limit applies not only to charge pulses in a capacitor, but also to oscillations in a high-Q-factor resonator operated at an arbitrary temperature T if delay-line filtering is used. Q does not need to be larger than 4kT/R0iamp2, where Ro = √(L/C).

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