CD28 costimulation of developing thymocytes induces Foxp3 expression and regulatory T cell differentiation independently of interleukin 2

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Abstract
Efficient generation of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in the thymus requires CD28 costimulation, but it is not known why. Here, molecular mapping of CD28 costimulation showed that Treg cell generation requires a motif that binds the tyrosine kinase Lck, precisely the same motif that is required for CD28 costimulation of interleukin 2 production. Nevertheless, CD28 costimulation provides more than interleukin 2 to developing Treg cells, as CD28 costimulation of T cell receptor–signaled double-positive thymocytes induced expression of Foxp3, considered to be the Treg 'master gene', as well as GITR and CTLA-4, two proteins expressed on Treg cells. Thus, CD28 costimulation directly signals developing thymocytes to express Foxp3 and to initiate the Treg cell differentiation program.