Frequency of thermostability variants: estimation of total "rare" variant frequency in human populations.

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Abstract
Eight erythrocyte enzymes were examined for thermostability in an unselected sample of 100 newborn infants. Three thermolabile variants, 1 each of lactate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were identified, none of which was detectable as a variant by standard electrophoretic techniques. All were inherited. This frequency of 3.8 heritable thermostability variants/1000 determinations is to be compared with a frequency of electrophoretically detectable variants of 1.1/1000 determinations, a frequency of 2.4 enzyme-deficiency variants/1000 determinations, and a frequency of 1.1 hypo/hyperactive enzyme-activity variants/1000 determinations in this human newborn population. The total measured frequency of individuals with rare enzyme deficiency or electrophoretic or thermostability (or both) variants at these loci is 8.4/1000 determinations. A similar distribution and frequency is seen when the comparison is limited to the 7 loci studied by all techniques. Not all of the electrophoretic and thermostability variants present in the population are detected by the techniques used in this study. The true frequency of carriers of a rare variant for each of these enzyme-coding loci probably averages > 10/1000. Some implications of these frequencies for human disease are discussed.