Some Effects of Copper, Cobalt, Cadmium, Zinc, Nickel, and Chromium on Growth and Mineral Element Concentration in Chrysanthemum1

Abstract
Different levels of Cu, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr (10-6, 10-5, and 10-4m) were studied in a glasshouse to evaluate effects on the yield and interactions among heavy metals in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne). A 70% growth reduction was observed at the highest level (10-4m) of Cd, Cu, and Cr. The same level of Co, Ni, and Zn depressed growth 45, 45, and 21%, respectively. Added Cd in solution had the greatest effect on growth depression at 10-5m. Copper, Co, Cd, Zn, Ni, and Cr concentrations in leaves, stems, and roots were increased with their rate of application in nutrient solution. Most Cu, Co, Cd, Ni, and Cr were associated with roots, followed by leaves and stems. No gradient from root to shoot was observed with Zn. Root to stem metal ratios were in the following order: Cr>Co>Cd>Ni>Cu>Zn. Cadmium decreased Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots, and increased Zn concentration in leaves. Other interactions were also noted.