Adaptation and Differentiation of Golf Course Populations of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)

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Abstract
Morphological and physiological variation among annual bluegrass populations from the green, fairway, and rough were measured to determine the role annual bluegrass infestations outside the green play in maintaining the population in the green. Annual bluegrass populations from the fairway and the rough were similar to each other but differed from that of the green in habit, dry mass production, flowering, seed size, and germination. Seeds from each population established best in the type of turf from which they originated. It is concluded that, since few genotypes were common to the green and its surroundings, the populations in the fairway and rough played little or no role in maintaining the population of the green. The same is likely to be true wherever the management of greens and their surroundings differs sufficiently for marked population differentiation to occur. This finding does not preclude the possibility that some genotypes adapted to the green persist in the surroundings, and that these genotypes serve as sources of seeds for the colonization or reinfestation of annual bluegrass-free greens.