The Electrical Properties of Snow and Ice

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Abstract
This paper reviews the electrical properties of snow and ice that are of importance in remote sensing using electrical devices. After a review of the observed laboratory behaviour of ice samples and the microscopic theory which has been advanced to explain this, the data on temperate and polar glacier ice are compared with the laboratory data. Temperate glacier ice is generally rather similar to laboratory ice, but certain relaxation processes found in the laboratory are absent from the glacier ice. Polar ice, on the other hand, is considerably different in its dielectric behaviour from "pure" laboratory ice, or temperate glacier ice; in many ways it more resembles doped laboratory ice, despite its variable, sometimes low, impurity content. It also resembles in behaviour ice produced by freezing supercooled water. The electrical behaviour of snow, and the attempts to account for this in terms of the behaviour of the ice and air components, and also of the water component in wet snow, are next discussed. Finally the implications of this work for radio-echo sounding of ice, radar reflectivity from wet and dry hydrometeors, devices for determining the water content of snow, and resistivity surveys of glaciers are discussed.