Ecosystem Development on Naturally Colonized China Clay Wastes: I. Vegetation Changes and Overall Accumulation of Organic Matter and Nutrients

Abstract
As a result of changes in mining operations and recessions in the china clay industry there are a number of abandoned waste tips in Cornwall [England, UK] ranging in age since last tipping from 16-116 yr. These tips are naturally colonized by vegetation. The vegetation on a series of waste tips is described and 4 species-assemblages, 2 pioneer groups, an intermediate group and a mature woodland group are identified. Succession to a woodland ecosystem can occur on these waste tips. The accumulation of organic matter and nutrients was measured and is discussed in relation to successional development. The central role of N in these new environments is suggested, and the potential inputs to the N budget examined.