Mutagenicity of tobacco snuff: Possible health implications for coal miners

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Abstract
Mutagenicity of tobacco snuff extracts was studied using the Ames Salmonella/microsome assay system. No mutagenic activity was found for tobacco snuff extracts without S9 activation. Mutagenic substances were formed from tobacco snuff extracts in an acidic environment. The mutagenic substances induced predominantly frameshift mutations and were direct-acting mutagens. Mutagenic activity of tobacco snuff extracts was enhanced in the presence of coal dust extracts at low pH. Since tobacco snuff had been used by some coal miners as a substitute for cigarettes, a possible risk for gastric cancer induction among coal miners was proposed.