Study of Fretting Wear in Titanium, Monel-400, and Cobalt—25 Percent Molybdenum Using Scanning Electron Microscopy

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Abstract
Damage scar volume measurements taken from like metal fretting pairs, combined with scanning electron microscopy observations, showed that three sequentially operating mechanisms result in the fretting of titanium, Monel-400, and cobalt–25 percent molybdenum. Initially, adhesion and plastic deformation on the surface played an important role. This was followed after a few hundred cycles by a fatigue mechanism, producing spall-like pits in the damage scar. Finally, an oxidation related mechanism became most significant. Damage scar measurements made on several elemental metals after 6 × 105 fretting cycles suggested that the ratio of oxide hardness to metal hardness was a measure of the susceptibility of a metal to progressive damage by fretting.

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