Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies

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Abstract
Objective: To review the evidence on the effects of interventions to improve housing on health. Design: Systematic review of experimental and non-experimental housing intervention studies that measured quantitative health outcomes. Data sources: Studies dating from 1887, in any language or format, identified from clinical, social science, and grey literature databases, personal collections, expert consultation, and reference lists. Main outcome measures: Socioeconomic change and health, illness, and social measures. Results: 18 completed primary intervention studies were identified. 11 studies were prospective, of which six had control groups. Three of the seven retrospective studies used a control group. The interventions included rehousing, refurbishment, and energy efficiency measures. Many studies showed health gains after the intervention, but the small study populations and lack of controlling for confounders limit the generalisability of these findings. Conclusions: The lack of evidence linking housing and health may be attributable to pragmatic difficulties with housing studies as well as the political climate in the United Kingdom. A holistic approach is needed that recognises the multifactorial and complex nature of poor housing and deprivation. Large scale studies that investigate the wider social context of housing interventions are required. What is already known on this topic Many epidemiological studies have described associations between poor housing and health What this study adds 18 studies were reviewed that studied the health effects of housing improvements Most studies found some health gains Small populations and lack of control for confounders limits the generalisability of the findings More large scale, controlled studies of housing interventions are needed to give qualitative and quantitative data