Large-scale and high-density planar lightwave circuits with high-Δ GeO 2 -doped silica waveguides

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Abstract
GeO2-doped silica waveguides with a high refractive index difference (Δ) of 2% and a propagation loss of 0.1 dB/cm are fabricated on Si substrates. 200 cm-long test circuits and ring resonators are demonstrated, both with a minimum curvature of 2 mm.