The Strongylocentrotidae (Echinoidea), a morphologic and systematic study

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Abstract
The skeletal structures of tubercles, primary spines, teeth, epiphyses, and pedicellariae (globiferous, tridentate, and ophicephalous) of the species of Strongylocentrotus Brandt, Allocentrotus Mortensen, and Hemicentrotus Mortensen were studied with the aid of a scanning electron microscope. The species of Strongylocentrotus are revised, and the position of Strongylocentrotidae in Echinina Mortensen, 1942 (Echinoida Claus, 1876, sensu Durham & Melville, 1957) is discussed. S. echinoides A. Agassiz & Clark, 1907, and S. sachalinicus (Döderlein, 1906) were found to be synonyms of S. pallidus (Sars, 1871), and S. polycanthus apicimagis Baranova, 1957, and S. djakanovi Baranova, 1957 to S. polyacanthus A. Agassiz & Clark, 1907.