Abstract
Annual seed production of diffuse (C. diffusa) and spotted knapweed (C. maculosa) is reduced in dry years by a reduction in the number of viable seeds per seed head and increases when above-normal precipitation occurs by increase in the number of heads per flower stem. Seed production was .apprx. 1000-fold that needed to maintain observed levels of infestation. Seedlings emerging in April had a high rate of survival with most plants flowering the following season, while those emergining after May 15 had a very low survival rate and almost no flower stem production that following season.

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