Changes in gene expression in the Ras/adenylate cyclase system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: correlation with cAMP levels and growth arrest.

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Abstract
Levels of cyclic 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) play an important role in the decision to enter the mitotic cycle in the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition to growth arrest at stationary phase, S. cerevisiae transiently arrest growth as they shift from fermentative to oxidative metabolism (the diauxic shift). Experiments examining the role of cAMP in growth arrest at the diauxic shift show the following: 1) yeast lower cAMP levels as they exhaust their glucose supply and shift to oxidative metabolism of ethanol, 2) a reduction in cAMP is essential for traversing the diauxic shift, 3) the decrease in adenylate cyclase activity is associated with a decrease in the expression of CYR1 and CDC25, two positive regulators of cAMP levels and an increase in the expression of IRA1 and IRA2, two negative regulators of intracellular cAMP, 4) mutants carrying disruptions in IRA1 and IRA2 were unable to arrest cell division at the diauxic shift and were unable to progress into the oxidative phase of growth. These results indicate that changes cAMP levels are important in regulation of growth arrest at the diauxic shift and that changes in gene expression plays a role in the regulation of the Ras/adenylate cyclase system.