Dynamics of an old-growth, fire-initiated, subalpine forest in southern interior British Columbia: tree-ring reconstruction of 2 year cycle spruce budworm outbreaks

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Abstract
Tree-ring width chronologies of three species from a 330-year-old subalpine forest were used to reconstruct outbreaks of 2 year cycle spruce budworm (Choristoneura biennis Freeman). The growth of host species, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), was compared with that of the nonhost, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) with and without the removal of the effects of climate on growth. Seven periods, 1989–1991, 1943–1957, 1911–1927, 1869–1875, 1839–1861, 1823–1829, 1785–1801, were identified in which the growth of both host species was reduced relative to the non-host; this includes the single known outbreak from 1944 to 1956. Spectral analysis indicated a periodicity for growth reduction of the host relative to non-host species of ca. 45 years for both spruce and fir. For three periods, the known outbreak in the 1940–1950s, and two inferred outbreaks in the 1910–1920s and 1840–1850s, we calculated the four measures of radial growth first proposed by Brubaker and Greene (L.B. Brubaker and S.K. Greene. 1979. Can. J. For. Res. 9: 95–105): the maximum rate of growth loss, 1-year and 5-year losses, and the rate and time to recovery. Growth losses were greater for fir than for spruce during all three periods. During the 1940–1950s, growth losses were severe, but losses were less in the 1910–1920s. The impact of C. biennis has varied among outbreak periods but, overall, has made a pronounced contribution to present stand conditions. Our work suggests that budworms have been a frequent agent of disturbance with major effects on forest dynamics in southern British Columbia, especially in spruce–fir forests when long periods occur between fires.

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