THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND SOME OF ITS PARASITES

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Abstract
The relationship between the temperature and the speed of development is described for the Kamloops ‘biotype’ of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and some of its associated hymenopterous parasites. The primary parasites are: Aphidius ervi ervi, A. ervi pulcher, A. smithi, and Praon pequodorum; and the secondary parasites are: Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus niger. For each species the lower temperature threshold for development and the time-to-adult was determined under constant laboratory conditions using field-grown alfalfa as a host plant for the pea aphid and the first-generation offspring of field-collected aphids and parasites. The thermal constants enable the prediction of aphid and parasite population growth, as influenced by temperature, on a physiological time-scale.