Stable Isotopes in Hailstones. Part II: Embryo and Hailstone Growth in Different Storms

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Abstract
Hailstone collections were made in seven storms well documented by radar measurements. This sections were prepared of over 2000 hailstones for crystallographic analysis of embryos and growth layers. The majority of the embryos were frozen drops, embedded in a clear layer (2A type). Selected hailstones were also analyzed for their deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope content. The results, plotted in a δD-δO18 diagram give information on the extent to which embryos and growth layers evaporated and/or condensed during growth. Frozen drop embryos and clear growth layers showed a significantly stronger evaporation during growth than did graupel and opaque layers. Evidence is presented that some frozen drop embryos are soaked and melted graupel or large aggregates rather than drops formed by coalescence or shed from hailstone surfaces. Using the isotopic cloud model (ICM) of Part I, an absolute temperature scale was attributed to the isotope values and hailstone trajectories wore calculated. The growth rang... Abstract Hailstone collections were made in seven storms well documented by radar measurements. This sections were prepared of over 2000 hailstones for crystallographic analysis of embryos and growth layers. The majority of the embryos were frozen drops, embedded in a clear layer (2A type). Selected hailstones were also analyzed for their deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope content. The results, plotted in a δD-δO18 diagram give information on the extent to which embryos and growth layers evaporated and/or condensed during growth. Frozen drop embryos and clear growth layers showed a significantly stronger evaporation during growth than did graupel and opaque layers. Evidence is presented that some frozen drop embryos are soaked and melted graupel or large aggregates rather than drops formed by coalescence or shed from hailstone surfaces. Using the isotopic cloud model (ICM) of Part I, an absolute temperature scale was attributed to the isotope values and hailstone trajectories wore calculated. The growth rang...

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