Development of Amphotropic Murine Retrovirus Vectors Resistant to Inactivation by Human Serum

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Abstract
Replication-deficient amphotropic retrovirus vectors (RV) or RV-producer cells are being developed for a variety of human gene therapy strategies. One of the hurdles to in vivo use of these agents is their inactivation by components of human serum. Murine leukemia viruses (MLV), from which most current RV are derived, are known to be inactivated by human serum via activation of the classical complement cascade. Other type C retroviruses, e.g., RD114 and BaEV, are resistant to inactivation by human serum when derived from infection of human and mink cells but not murine cells. We hypothesized that amphotropic RV could be made resistant to human serum inactivation if a more appropriate producer cell could be found. To test this hypothesis, RV were made using a variety of human (293, HOS, TE671) and murine (NIH-3T3) cell types as the producer cell. The parental cell lines, RV-producer cells, and RV themselves were evaluated for sensitivity to inactivation by human serum. Results showed that the murine NIH-3T3 cell line, the NIH-3T3-derived PA317 producer cell line, and RV derived from it were all sensitive to human serum inactivation. In contrast, all human cell lines tested were resistant to lysis. RV and RV-producer cells derived from 293 cells were also resistant; RV derived from HOS cells were resistant. Surprisingly, while TE671 cells were resistant, TE671-derived RV were sensitive to inactivation. To test whether expression of the amphotropic envelope protein was responsible for conferring this serum sensitivity to the RV, env was expressed in the absence of gag and pol in TE671 cells. However, TE671 cells expressing env were resistant to human serum inactivation. These observations have important implications for use of RV and RV-producer cells for human gene therapy.