Regressive evolution of an eye pigment gene in independently evolved eyeless subterranean diving beetles

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Abstract
Regressive evolution, the reduction or total loss of non-functional characters, is a fairly common evolutionary phenomenon in subterranean taxa. However, the genetic basis of regressive evolution is not well understood. Here we investigate the molecular evolution of the eye pigment genecinnabarin several independently evolved lineages of subterranean water beetles using maximum likelihood analyses. We found that in eyeless lineagescinnabarhas an increased rate of sequence evolution, as well as mutations leading to frame shifts and stop codons, indicative of pseudogenes. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that regressive evolution of eyes proceeds by random mutations, in the absence of selection, that ultimately lead to the loss of gene function in protein-coding genes specific to the eye pathway.