Effect of Sea Ice on the Salinity of Antarctic Bottom Waters

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Abstract
Brine rejection during the formation of Antarctic sea ice is known to enhance the salinity of dense shelf waters in the Weddell and Ross Seas. As these shelf waters flow off the shelves and descend to the bottom, they entrain ambient deep water to create new bottom water. It is not uncommon for ocean modelers to modify salinity boundary conditions around Antarctica in an attempt to include a “sea ice effect” in their models. However, the degree to which Antarctic salinities are enhanced is usually not quantified or defended. In this paper, studies of shelf hydrography and δ 18O are reviewed to assess the level of salinity enhancement appropriate for ocean general circulation models. The relevant quantities are 1) the salinity difference between the water masses modified on the shelves and the final offshelf flow and 2) the flux of salt (or freshwater) that gives rise to this salinity difference. Onshelf/offshelf salinity changes in the Weddell and Ross Seas appear to be fairly small, 0.15–0.20 sa... Abstract Brine rejection during the formation of Antarctic sea ice is known to enhance the salinity of dense shelf waters in the Weddell and Ross Seas. As these shelf waters flow off the shelves and descend to the bottom, they entrain ambient deep water to create new bottom water. It is not uncommon for ocean modelers to modify salinity boundary conditions around Antarctica in an attempt to include a “sea ice effect” in their models. However, the degree to which Antarctic salinities are enhanced is usually not quantified or defended. In this paper, studies of shelf hydrography and δ 18O are reviewed to assess the level of salinity enhancement appropriate for ocean general circulation models. The relevant quantities are 1) the salinity difference between the water masses modified on the shelves and the final offshelf flow and 2) the flux of salt (or freshwater) that gives rise to this salinity difference. Onshelf/offshelf salinity changes in the Weddell and Ross Seas appear to be fairly small, 0.15–0.20 sa...

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