Two Distinct Stages in the Transition from Naive CD4 T Cells to Effectors, Early Antigen-Dependent and Late Cytokine-Driven Expansion and Differentiation

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Abstract
Efficient peptide presentation by professional APC to naive and effector CD4 T cells in vitro is limited to the first 1–2 days of culture, but is nonetheless optimum for effector expansion and cytokine production. In fact, prolonging Ag presentation leads to high levels of T cell death, decreased effector expansion, and decreased cytokine production by recovered effectors. Despite the absence of Ag presentation beyond day 2, T cell division continues at a constant rate throughout the 4-day culture. The Ag-independent later stage depends on the presence of IL-2, and we conclude optimum effector generation depends on an initial 2 days of TCR stimulation followed by an additional 2 days of Ag-independent, cytokine driven T cell expansion and differentiation.

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