Trapped particle dynamics in toroidally rotating plasmas

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Abstract
A detailed single particle orbit analysis in toroidally rotating plasma yields new analytical formulas for the second adiabatic invariant, the bounce frequency, and the precession frequency up to the first‐order correction in ρpi (poloidal ion gyroradius)/Lv (scale length of rotation velocity), for toroidal flow values of the order of ion thermal velocity. Toroidal plasma rotation effects on the trapped ion instabilities in tokamaks are investigated in the context of local theory. Toroidal plasma rotation increases both the fraction of trapped particles and their precession drift velocity. Consequently, the growth rate of trapped ion instability increases in both dissipative and collisionless regimes.