Self and conspecific superparasitism by the solitary parasitoid Antrocephalus pandens

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Abstract
The fitness consequences of superparasitism for a solitary parasitoid depend on whether the host was first parasitized by itself (‘self‐superparasitism’) or a different individual (‘conspecific superparasitism’). Self superparasitism is usually expected to be avoided. A.pandens females showed no difference in their probability of superparasitism between self‐parasitized and conspecifically‐parasitized hosts. The probability of superparasitism decreased as time from the laying of the first egg in a host increased, from about 0.29–0.46 at a time interval of 1 h to 0.10–0.14 at 72 h. The egg distribution of wasps foraging alone on a patch showed significant avoidance of superparasitism, but that of wasps foraging in the presence of conspecifics was not significantly different from a random distribution. This suggests that wasps switch from avoidance of superparasitism when alone to acceptance of all hosts when in a group. When wasps foraged in a group, the hosts had many more ovipositor puncture marks than when wasps foraged singly. This suggests that either hosts were attacked several times per encounter, or that the wasps' encounter rate with hosts was much higher when in a group. If the latter is true, it is possible that, although the egg distribution suggested a higher rate of superparasitism when wasps foraged in a group, the ratio of acceptances to contacts of parasitized hosts may in fact have been lower.