Adult Survival Rate of the Black-Throated Diver Gavia arctica

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Abstract
Adult survival rate of the black-throated diver G. arctica was 0.89 with minimum confidence limits at 0.87 and 0.91 from 76 published long-distance recoveries of birds ringed on spring migration in the southeastern part of the Baltic. The reproductive rate necessary to maintain a stable population with this mortality is probably 0.4-0.5 fledged young/pair. This production rate was compared with those observed in different field studies, the latter being markedly lower in 4 of 5 comparisons.

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