Life‐spanning Behavioural and Adrenal Dysfunction Induced by Prenatal Hypoxia in the Rat is Prevented by the Calcium Antagonist Nimodipine

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Abstract
The long-term behavioural effects of prenatal chronic anaemic hypoxia were investigated in young (5 months old), late adult (19 months) and aged Wistar rats (23-26 months). Sodium nitrite (2 g/l) offered in the drinking water during the second half of pregnancy served to evoke prenatal hypoxia. In parallel to nitrite treatment the Ca2+ channel blocker nimodipine (10 mg/kg) or vehicle alone was administered intragastrically once daily. Open-field activity, intermale social behaviour, learning ability in a black-white discrimination paradigm and fear-induced emotionality were assessed at different ages. Plasma corticosterone response to novelty stress was measured by blood sampling through chronic venous canulas at the age of 28 months. The nitrite-exposed 5-month-old offspring started exploration in a novel open-field with considerable delay. This delayed start-latency was augmented in 19- and 23-month-old rats, pointing to exaggerated suppression of behavioural arousal. Nitrite-induced hypoxia decreased the duration of social interactions during ageing. Aged rats exposed to nitrite were unable to learn a black-white discrimination but showed a normal generalized conditioned fear response (immobility) to the test situation as a whole. The conditioned fear-induced vocalization was more frequent among hypoxic aged animals. The aged hypoxic rats displayed a prolonged plasma corticosterone stress response and had higher adrenal weight than their controls. The abnormal open-field, social, learning and emotional behaviours, as well as the altered plasma corticosterone response, were prevented by prenatal nimodipine treatment.