Modulation of the human sperm acrosome reaction by effectors of the adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP second‐messenger pathway

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Abstract
The acrosome reaction of spermatozoa appears to be analogous to various somatic cell exocytotic events which involve cascade reactions, i.e., transmission of an external signal across the cell membrane resulting in activation of an “amplifier” enzyme and the generation of a second messenger. Using a synchronous acrosome reaction system (De Jonge et al., J. Androl., 10:232–239, ′89a), it was found that analogues of the second-messenger cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP) and 8-bromo cAMP, stimulated the acrosome reaction of capacitated spermatozoa. Additionally, treatment of spermatozoa with either xanthine or non-xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitors induced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the percent acrosome reaction after a period of capacitation in comparison to untreated controls. These results indicate that analogues of cAMP or inhibitors which prevent cAMP hydrolysis can induce the human sperm acrosome reaction. Subsequent experiments were conducted to test whether the amplifier enzyme in the cascade reaction, adenylate cyclase, has a role in the acrosome reaction. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase stimulator, caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the percent acrosome reaction in comparison to controls. Modulators of adenylate cyclase—adenosine, 2′-0-methyladenosine, and 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine—significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited the forskolin-induced acrosome reaction. dbcAMP was able to overcome the inhibition by adenosine. Two inhibitors of protein kinase A, the Walsh inhibitor and H-8, caused'a significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of the dbcAMP-induced acrosome reaction. Finally, in the absence of extracellular calcium, dbcAMP induced a significant (P < 0.01) increase in the acrosome reaction in contrast to A23187. These results suggest that: 1) a molecular mechanism for the human sperm acrosome reaction involves the cAMP second-messenger system; i.e., activation of adenylate cyclase, the amplifier enzyme that produces cAMP, production of cAMP as a second messenger, and activation of cAMP-dependent kinase A; and that 2) activation of adenylate cyclase occurs after calcium influx.