Influence of management on the species composition of epiphytic cryptogams in DanishFagusforests

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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to quantify the influence of management on the epiphytic species composition in DanishFagus sylvaticaforests. Trunks were chosen at random within selected blocks in both managed and unmanagedFagusstands.117 trunks in 43 sample plots in three forests were investigated. Cover was estimated for 72 lichens, 29 bryophytes and two fungi on vertical trunks 0.3 ‐2 m above ground. 18 explanatory variables were recorded and arranged in three groups: eight management‐related variables, six micro‐climatic‐ and soil variables, and four geographical‐ and geological variables. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to test and to quantify the explaining power of the three groups of variables applying the variation partitioning approach. Detrended Correspondence Analysis was used to evaluate whether important gradients were ignored. It was concluded that the traditional ‘shelterwood uniform system’ used inFagusforests has a marked influence on the epiphytic species composition. Thus, management‐related variables explained more than one third of the total variation explained, which equals 10.9% of the total variation. Microclimatic and soil variables explained 9.0%, and geographical and geological variables explained 6.0%. The following three recommendations are suggested to reduce the significant influence of management on the epiphytic species composition. First, it should be attempted to ensure a continuous occurrence of some big trees per ha to be left for natural death and decomposition. Second, regular thinning is necessary, especially in the first part of rotation. Third, a multi‐layered forest, where wind and desiccation effects are minimized, is recommended.