Cytokinins: Synthesis and Biological Activity of Geometric and Position Isomers of Zeatin

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Abstract
Geometric and position isomers of zeatin and of ribosylzeatin and other compounds closely related to zeatin have been tested in the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. Wisconsin No. 38) bioassay. None was more active than zeatin itself. There was a much greater difference in activity (> 50-fold) between trans- and cis-zeatin than between trans-isozeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino) purine] and cis-isozeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-cis-2-butenylamino) purine], the latter being less active than cis-zeatin and trans-isozeatin. Higher concentrations were required for equivalent callus growth stimulated by the 9-ribosyl derivatives, which followed an order of decreasing activity: ribosyl-trans-zeatin > ribosyl-cis-zeatin > ribosyl-trans-isozeatin > ribosyl-cis-isozeatin, corresponding roughly to that of the bases. The effect of side chain, double bond saturation was to diminish the activity, and in the dihydro series the shift of the methyl group from the 3- to the 2-position in going from dihydrozeatin to dihydroisozeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutylamino) purine] resulted in a 70-fold decrease in activity. cis-Norzeatin [6-(4-hydroxy-cis-2-butenylamino) purine], which was less than one-fifth as active as cis-zeatin, showed the effect of complete removal of the side chain methyl group, and cyclic-norzeatin [6-(3,6-dihydro-1,2-oxazin-2-yl) purine] was about 1/100 as active as cis-norzeatin. These findings delineate completely the effect on the cytokinin activity of zeatin of variation in side chain geometry, presence and position of the methyl substituent, presence and geometry of hydroxyl substitution, presence of the double bond, and of side chain cyclization.