Quantitative effects of the genes Lf, Sn, E, and Hr on time to flowering in pea (Pisum sativum L.)

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Abstract
Flowering time in pea (Pisum sativum L.) is determined by genetically controlled responses to photoperiod and temperature. To investigate these responses, 11 lines homozygous for the flowering genes Lf, Sn, E, and Hr were grown under contrasting semi-controlled photo thermal environments and the durations (d) from sowing to first flower (f) were recorded. The effects of the four genes were quantified using a two-plane photothermal model which linearly relates the rate of progress from sowing to flowering (1/f) with the mean pre-flowering values of temperature (T) and/or photo-period (P), based on 1/f=a+bT (when P is longer than the critical photoperiod, Pc) and 1/f=a′+b′T+c′P (when PPc, which increased in the sequence Lfdlf<lfa. Gene Hr, when together with Sn, increased photoperiod sensitivity (c′) and reduced the intercept (a′) when PPc) and photothermal (P≤Pc) domains, mainly by increasing a and b′, respectively. Variations in the coefficients of the thermal and photothermal responses determined that the critical photoperiod varied with temperature in all photoperiod-sensitive genotypes. A common base temperature of 0.2 °C was determined amongst Day-Neutral Class genotypes (sn) thermal time from sowing to flowering increased in the sequence lfa<lf<Lf<Lfd. Intra-Class variations attributed to the Lf alleles were also detected in the Late (Sn hr) and Late High Response (Sn Hr) Classes. The linear photothermal model provided a sound basis for studying the quantitative effects of flowering genes in pea.

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