Relationships of the Macaronesian and Mediterranean floras: molecular evidence for multiple colonizations into Macaronesia and back‐colonization of the continent in Convolvulus (Convolvulaceae)

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Abstract
A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Macaronesian endemic species of Convolvulus was undertaken using data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The results of the analysis support two introductions into Macaronesia from distantly related clades within Convolvulus and a subsequent back-colonization to the continent from within one of the clades. Hypothesized relationships between Macaronesian species and New World taxa and between the Canarian endemic C. caput-medusae and the Moroccan C. trabutianus are refuted. Both Macaronesian clades are shown to have Mediterranean sister groups although one is predominantly western Mediterranean and the other predominantly eastern Mediterranean in distribution. The patterns of colonization into Macaronesia demonstrated by Convolvulus and also by other multiple colonizing genera conform to either a pattern of phylogenetic distinctiveness or a checkerboard distribution of island lineages. Both are consistent with the hypothesis that niche preemption is responsible for the limited number of colonizations into the region. A review of sister group relationships demonstrates that, in common with Convolvulus, most Macaronesian groups have sister groups distributed in the near-continent (i.e., western Mediterranean). Disjunct sister group relationships (including Eastern Mediterranean disjunctions) occur in only 18% of groups.