Modulation of the mutagenic activity of cigarette smoke, cigarette smoke condensate and benzo[a]pyrene in vitro and in vivo

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Abstract
A series of naturally occurring compounds were tested for the ability to modulate the mutagenicity induced by cigarette smoke (CS), cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and benzo[a]pyrene (BP) in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay and the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow. Sodium selenite, retinol acetate and α-tocopherol significantly decreased the mutagenic activity of CS in Salmonella typhimurium TA98. Ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione (GSH), cysteine, caffeine, theophylline, cobalt chloride, folk acid, adenine, adenosine, guanosine, cytidine and cytosine were conversely devoid of any significant effect. Sodium selenite slightly decreased the mutagenic activity of CSC in the same bacterial strain, while caffeine was ineffective and ascorbic acid potentiated its mutagenicity. Ascorbic acid inhibited the mutagenic activity of BP in S.typhimurium TA98, but not in TA100. Retinol acetate diminished the number of BP-induced his+ revertants in TA98 but only at the highest concentrations used, whereas α-tocopherol, GSH, cysteine, sodium selenite and caffeine had no effect. Selenite and GSH, which were ineffective when applied individually, inhibited in a dose-dependent manner the BP-induced mutagenesis in S.typhimurium TA98 when simultaneously added to the top agar. All other combinations tested, including selenite plus either GSH, cysteine or caffeine towards CS or CSC, or selenite plus cysteine, or selenite plus retinol acetate and α-tocopherol towards BP, failed to produce interactive effects. Sodium selenite and caffeine, given either alone or in combination in drinking water, did not influence the clastogenesis induced in mouse bone marrow by a single treatment with CS or BP. Ascorbic acid was also ineffective towards CS clastogenicity but significantly decreased the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes induced by BP. A strong protective effect in this assay was observed in mice treated with BP plus GSH or cysteine. Out of the agents tested, sodium selenite, vitamins A, C and E, GSH and cysteine seem to be the most promising inhibitors of the in vitro or in vivo mutagenic activity of CS and BP.

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