Effects of temperature on the development of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

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Abstract
The effect of constant and sinusoidally cycling temperatures on the durations of combined egg and larval development and of pupal development of L. trifolii (Burgess) [a potential pest of greenhouse and field-grown crops in Britain, UK] was studied. The observed and estimated durations accorded well using 147.5 day-degrees above 10.1.degree. C for eggs and larvae and 138.7 day-degree above 10.8.degree. C for pupae. A few pupae survived for 76 days in outdoor cages during a winter in southern England. Eggs hatched at 6.degree.-16.degree. C (cycling), but larvae did not complete their development under this regime. Adults emerged from pupae at 6.degree.-16.degree. C, and a few deformed adults emerged after 65 days at 11.5.degree. C (constant). Some pupal development was detectable at 8.degree. C. Pupae exposed to 1.1.degree. C for 20 days all died, but some adults emerged at 14.degree.-26.degree. C from pupae that had been kept at 1.1.degree. C for 15 days.