Urea Tolerance as a Molecular Adaptation of Elasmobranch Hemoglobins

Abstract
Urea is maintained at moderately high concentrations in the blood and tissues of marine elasmobranchs. Functional properties of the hemoglobins from several elasmobranch species are unaffected by urea concentrations as high as 5 molar. This insensitivity to urea, which is not observed with human hemoglobin, is accompanied by an increased sensitivity to sodium chloride.